How Psychological Theories Have Been Used in Beer Free Essays

At the point when they see an individual conveying a jug of brew and the delicate toy, they will Immediately catch IM with no inquiries posed. Back In the police headquarters, the cops would appreciate the lager, which they had seized, while the Innocent clients would be hopelessly secured up In the cell. So also, this business Is as far as anyone knows focused at grown-ups, the individuals who are over 8 years old, since they are permitted to drink. We will compose a custom exposition test on How Psychological Theories Have Been Used in Beer or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Nonetheless, everybody is again permitted to see the business for humor purposes. Our gathering will likewise be doing examinations of the two lager advertisements as far as the mental hypotheses utilized and different dissimilarities worth referencing. 2) Theory Reviews 2. ) Learning Theory There are fundamentally three hypotheses to learning, I) Classical molding II) Operant molding Ill) Observational learning Classical controlling Is the sort of controlling that utilizes an upgrade that, before controlling, doesn't normally realize the reaction of Interest and an improvement that achieves enthusiasm without having being scholarly. A genuine model adoring it† settles on it a top decision cheap food outlet that the vast majority will belittle. The motto for this situation assumes the job of a characteristic upgrade while Macdonald inexpensive food outlet is the unconditioned improvement. After hearing the â€Å"I’m adoring it† trademark, the indication of Macdonald inexpensive food outlet will show up unwittingly to our brain. Operant molding is a kind of molding, which a deliberate reaction is fortified or debilitated, contingent upon its good or horrible outcomes. A model will be that of a Wall’s frozen yogurt promotion. With alluring offers like, purchase 3 at the cost of 2 or even unconditional presents being parted with for every tub of frozen yogurt brought. Observational learning will be learning through watching the conduct of someone else called a model. A genuine model will be that of a coca cola drink promotion. In the vast majority of the coca cola drink commercial, there will be individuals drinking the coca cola drink itself and they will uncover a reviving and cooling articulation when they wrap up a beverage and by observing that subsequent to drinking that container of coca cola drink, it will realize an invigorating and cooling sensation to an individual. Out of these three learning speculations, just the traditional molding and the observational learning are being applied to the brew ads. This business utilizes the Classical Conditioning hypothesis. A great many people would not ordinarily partner lager with singing. Be that as it may, in the wake of being presented to the business for mother time, an individual would really recollects the Heinlein lager business, and ideally continue to purchase the brew. At the point when an individual watches the business just because, he/she will obtain the feeling that the singing has nothing to do with the brew. Notwithstanding, the heavenliness, â€Å"It appears to be a few people didn’t pay attention to the last Heinlein business. † And â€Å"Remember, purchase Heinlein or we’ll continue running these commercials,† really uncovers the entire aim of the business. So in the long run, they will connect the lager with the frightful singing. Scrabbles This business utilizes the Observational Learning. Right off the bat, when the client purchase the brew and gets a free toy, an individual may likewise stick to this same pattern. The possibility of a motivating force or free-gift’ advances particularly to us Singapore who are very ‘kiss’ or have the â€Å"don’t need to miss out â€Å"attitude. Along these lines, when the client is being secured by the police, gets secured up a cell, and in any event, having his lager reallocated, the observational learning despite everything becomes possibly the most important factor. This happens when the police officers themselves drink the reallocated lager, giving them the feeling that brews are superior to precious stones. Along these lines, giving watchers the idea that they ought to likewise purchase Comparison The utilization of observational learning is progressively viable contrasted with traditional molding. This is on the grounds that the impacts of a legitimate figure I. E. The police officers are brought into the image. In this manner, it strengthens the observational learning. Like referenced before, police officers are individuals of power, thusly, if they somehow managed to accomplish something that is commonly not appropriate, which is for this situation, drinking the reallocated lager, their activities would really be socially acknowledged since they are individuals who are of more significant position authority than a typical non military personnel would be. The utilization of old style molding as a similarly more vulnerable effect on the crowd as opposed to the utilization of observational learning. Since the boost of old style molding doesn't normally achieve the reaction or enthusiasm to the brew, it can undoubtedly be overlooked on the off chance that it isn't strengthened. Single direction for Heinlein to determine this issue is to continue playing the business. In any case, they would need to hold up under the expenses caused, and not overlooking, the scorn from bothered watchers who are compelled to see the irritating business again and again. 3. 2 Memory hypothesis For this business, under the mental hypothesis of Memory, it â€Å"attacks† the ewer’s tangible memory, explicitly the Echoic Memory. Along these lines, it makes the watcher ready to respond to the irritating singing by recalling the business better since it is utilizing the sound component to draw the item into the viewer’s minds. The sound component is as far as anyone knows the most unmistakable tangible component of the business. Subsequently, the business will be played again and again in the viewers’ mind. The fact of the matter is, the watcher doesn't need to see the business outwardly to have the ideal effect of the business on the watcher. As referenced previously, the sound component is the most grounded plan of the entire business. For this business, utilizing the equivalent mental hypothesis of Memory, the business is engaging the viewer’s tangible memory, particularly the Iconic Memory to recall the item. As can be seen, we can work out with a model from the business that, the when the man purchases the container of Scrabbles brew, and the clerk hands the purchaser a delicate toy, saying that it is a blessing from purchasing the lager. â€Å"diamonds†, and the brew was appropriated alongside him. Likewise, the producers of the business â€Å"attacks† the viewer’s minds in which that they sick recollect that the purchasing the Scrabbles lager is acceptable to the point that, the cops are having a good time to such an extent. Since the police officers, as referenced, are individuals with power, drinking the Scrabbles brews that they seized are apparently progressively noteworthy. This likewise depicts an amazing sign that the brew can even entice the specialists under work commitments. Thus, such activities are by and large socially acknowledged, in this manner, the viewer’s verifiable memory would subliminally direct the watcher to purchase Scrabbles brew. The two uses the equivalent tangible hypothesis and the main diverse is one, echoic and another, conic. Most business utilizes the echoic memory to recall, which in the Heinlein business you don't have to utilize your eyes to watch and Just hear the tunes they are singing is sufficient to fill the need. 3. 3) Motivation Theory Motivation is the factor that coordinates and empowers the conduct of people. Frequently, human inspiration is driven by the expectation, or excitement of accomplishing an objective. Essential drive are identified with the natural needs that frequently assists with satisfying our fundamental needs, while optional drive are preceding experience and discovering that has no immediate effect on our organic needs. In the two business that we have picked, we can say that the two plugs applies the optional drive as both draws out the necessities of an individual to drink lager achieved by past understanding or learning. The principle point of the ads that we have picked was to inspire and draw in the watchers to drink the particular brand of brew. Recommends that inspiration originates from the craving to acquire esteemed outside objectives. The business began with an appropriate unusual labeling †at any rate rarely in many ads that we see these days. It says, â€Å"It appears to be a few people didn’t pay attention to the last Heinlein business. In spite of the fact that watchers may initially think the business is attempting to reprove them, yet it is entirely inspiring watchers to coordinate their consideration on the business, essentially on the grounds that they would prefer not to be wrongly blamed for â€Å"not taking business or anything seriously’ and end off with a message when they got the consideration by saying, â€Å"Remember, purchase Heinlein, or we’ll continue running these advertisements. † This recommends the assurance appeared by the business in inspiring watchers to at any rate attempt the item, and that reignites the longing of shoppers to get the brew †outside objectives. Moreover, it likewise means to fill in as a steady suggestion to customers to understand their most elevated potential through drinking Heinlein rather than other brand of brew. Scrabbles In the subsequent business, beyond what one methodology can be applied to the promotion. Excitement Approach clarifies the expansion of the incitement and action where individuals are eager to face the challenge of getting captured by the police when buying the Scrabbles brew. Impetus Approach persuades individuals to purchase Scrabbles lager, even the police whom are viewed as defenders of the neighborhood individuals themselves are drinking Scrabbles. Henceforth, the effect and inspiration, the neighborhood individuals get when they venerate to the police gives them the craving to get a similar brew as their ‘protectors’. For Cognitive Approaches, the inborn inspiration shows that the individuals are eager to purchase the Scrabbles brew as it animates fervor for their own happiness though the outward inspiration, perceive the effo

Examine Pushkin’s Use of the Supernatural in ‘Pikovaia Dama’

Look at Pushkin’s utilization of the heavenly in ‘Pikovaia dama’ (‘The Queen of Spades’). What exactly degree could this content be depicted as a ‘ghost story’? The main setting is a card party facilitated by Narumov of the Horse Guards. Hermann the youthful architect was continually viewing the others play until the early hours of the morning however had never really participated in the game himself. Tomsky begins to discuss his grandma, Countess Anna Fedotovna. All the others listen enthusiastically while he recounts to a tale about his grandmother’s betting sixty years prior in Paris. She had lost a huge aggregate playing the game Faro.When her significant other would not take care of her obligations, which she was unable to do so herself she needs to search somewhere else for the cash. Tomsky proceeds to recount his grandmother’s colleague with a man named Count de Saint-Germain, â€Å"the subject of such a large number of abnormal and magnificent tales†. One of those stories referenced in the novella is that he was the designer of the remedy of life. A mixture which could be accustomed to carry everlasting life to whoever drank it. This is the principal indication of the heavenly in the story. Pushkin in no way, shape or form shows any sentiment of the stories of Count de Saint-Germain to be true.It is quite the opposite as Tomsky begins by saying â€Å"You realize he made himself look like the†¦ † demonstrating that he was attempting to persuade individuals he was yet in established truth not many trusted him. Additionally the utilization of â€Å"and so forth† shows he is getting exhausted of posting these ‘wonderful’ stories about the Count. He at that point proceeds to state that individuals used to mock him. For all the Count’s secrecy he was however an exceptionally affluent man. The Countess mentioned to meet with him with the expectation that h e would take care of her obligations out of the thoughtfulness of his heart.After all, that sort of cash would not make a little scratch in the Count’s wallet. In the wake of contemplating her proposition he said â€Å"I can suit you to the extent the aggregate of cash goes, however I realize you would be quiet until you had reimbursed me, and I would not wish to hinder you with new worries†. Rather he needed to give her a mystery which would permit her to win all her cash back. At this point all the visitors at the card party were listening eagerly. The royal lady turned up at a game a similar night the Count had given her the secret.Playing Faro, a similar game they themselves were having at the influence, the Countess chose three cards. Each of the three cards won, coming up in a steady progression and she had recovered every last bit of her misfortunes. There was an extremely incredulous response to the story. One said â€Å"Pure karma! † and Hermann comment ed â€Å"A tall story†. Tomsky likewise recount his grandma going down the mystery once to a youngster she had compassion for. He additionally won with every one of the three cards. Without computing the chances any reasonable person would agree that Pushkin isn't anticipating that us should accept that these arrangements have happened twice out of unadulterated luck.Therefore it is dependent upon the peruser to choose in this circumstance if the story of the mystical mystery ought to be accepted. It isn't being told from the narrator’s perspective yet rather from Tomsky’s. It could be seen just like close to a plastered story made up in a bar to intrigue a couple of companions and associates. Whenever Pushkin presents with something of the otherworldly is a lot later on in the story in section five. Since the time that Tomsky had recounted to the narrative of his maturing grandmother’s mystery, the youthful specialist, Hermann, had gotten fixated on the notion.In attempting to get the mystery from the Countess he had inadvertently killed her. Three days after that night he had chosen to go to the memorial service at a neighborhood religious community. After the speech at a full church the family members were first to go up and disappear from the body. At that point it was the turn of every other visitor needing to offer their feelings of appreciation. After many had gone it went to the turn of Hermann who was feeling no genuine regret for slaughtering the old woman. â€Å"He bowed to the ground and lay for a few minutes on the virus floor, tossed with fir-twigs.At length he rose, pale as the carcass itself, rose the means of the catafalque and twisted down. †¦ at that point he couldn't help suspecting that the expired gave him a taunting look and winked an eye. Hermann in hurriedly drawing back missed his balance and slammed confronted upwards to the ground. He was served to his feet†. The manner in which Pushkin says i n this section â€Å"it appeared to him† nearly suggests that it didn't really occur at all and that it was distinctly in Hermann’s creative mind. This could be a because of blame Hermann may feel for murdering the old woman or could even be an indication that Hermann is going mad.Later that night Hermann went to a hotel and drank a decent measure of wine, which was exceptionally unique for him. On showing up home he hopped straight into bed completely dressed and fell sound sleeping. In the night he woke up in light of the twilight flooding his room. â€Å"At that second somebody peeped in at his window from the Street and quickly left. Hermann didn't give the smallest consideration to this. A moment later he heard the entryway of the following room being opened. Hermann felt that it was his precise, alcoholic not surprisingly, returning home from a night walk.But he heard a new stride: somebody was delicately rearranging along in shoes. The entryway opened: a lady i n a white dress came in. Hermann took her for his old medical caretaker and considered what could have brought her at such 60 minutes. Be that as it may, floating over the floor the white lady out of nowhere remained before himâ€and Hermann perceived the Countess! † â€Å"I have come to you without wanting to,' she said in an unmistakable voice, ‘ yet I am directed to give your solicitation. Three, seven, and ace will win for you in progression, given that you stake just one card every day and at no point ever play again.I pardon you my passing, on condition that you wed my ward, Lizaveta Ivanovna. . . .† Hermann was the just one to see this, his systematic stay sleeping all through the entire scene. Indeed the component of heavenly is just seen by Hermann. On this he has been drinking vigorously which Pushkin could have called attention to persuade that is was all in Hermann’s mind. With the three cards Hermann accepted the Countess revealed to him engr aved in his brain he advanced toward a game in Petersburg. Hermann put an amazingly high stake on the primary card, higher than the table had ever observed before.The vendor managed and a three turned up on the left, a success for Hermann. The following night he was back and put much higher stakes on the seven card, another success. The following night Hermann was back by and by and everyone was assembled around the table in energy. Hermann obviously picking pro as the Countess had let him know. Tchekalinsky started managing; his hands trembled. A sovereign fell on the right, an expert on the left. ‘The expert has won! ‘ Hermann stated, and indicated his card. ‘Your sovereign has lost,' Tchekalinsky said merciful. Hermann shivered; truth be told, rather than an ace there lay before him a Queen of Spades.He couldn't accept the obvious reality or figure how he could have committed an error. At that point he couldn't help thinking that the Queen of Spades botched her eyes and gave a significance grin. He was struck by the remarkable similarity. . . .'The elderly person! ‘ he cried in fear. On this event we can be certain that it’s all in Hermann’s mind as the various players and observers obviously observe an alternate card to the one that Hermann is seeing. It additionally adds to the hypothesis that Hermann was gradually losing his psyche all through the story with him at last being admitted to a psychological emergency clinic in the novella’s conclusion.In my assessment I figure it would be conceivable to mark The Queen of Spades as a phantom story on the reason that the fundamental character, Hermann, accepts he sees an apparition. Simultaneously Pushkin appears to make a special effort to give us a coherent explanation behind the entirety of the powerful events in the story, regardless of whether it be liquor, dreams, blame or essentially mind flights. There are additionally such a large number of various layers t o the story that marking it a phantom story would overlook such a significant number of other potential names. Garry Evans

Criminal Justice System

Criminal Justice System Presentation Criminal equity framework is an expression used to communicate the related parts of the courts, police, and remedial offices in the administration. The term likewise depicts the criminal equity organizations found inside states in a government. In general the criminal equity framework is in this manner made up of the three previously mentioned associated parts. Law-production has regularly been included by some as the forward criminal equity segment, since all authentic action of the criminal equity framework exudes from the law (Fuller, 2005). The comprehension of this is significant in such a case that the procedure of criminal equity is uncalled for, a bit of the shamefulness will without a doubt come from the criminal law. The considerable law angle mirrors the what of the resolution, in that laws are built up to characterize certain conduct as wrongdoing, and in this way offer discipline to the individuals who damage the law (Bohm Walker, 2007). Anyway in the ongoing occasions there have been requires an upgrade of the criminal equity framework. This stems from the reducing open trust in the framework that has been blamed for shamefulness and disparity in playing out its order. Henceforth a survey of the criminal equity framework is planned for improving it to be reasonable, firm yet sympathetic, and partially blind genuinely Reasonable and Effectiveness The viability of the law can be assessed dependent on the entrance and correspondence of the law, its enforceability, asset proficiency, assurance of individual rights, and a way to build up a harmony between the privileges of the general public and people. To act viably, the criminal equity framework must render equivalent treatment to everybody, paying little heed to their salary, instruction, age, societal position or ethnicity. On the off chance that it is found that an individual has been victimize, at that point the criminal equity framework is regarded to have fizzled if its undertaking. Fairness before should have viable adjustments so as to suit the changing qualities and perspectives of the general public and people (Karmen, 2009). Another factor that can decide if the criminal equity framework is successful is delays in the framework. Criminal equity frequently takes excessively some time before concluding cases. A long time pass between the date when the wrongdoing was su bmitted, and when the wrongdoer is condemned. Such postponements in the criminal equity framework can bring about the casualty experiencing consistent injury due to the wrongdoer not being rebuffed. Deferral can likewise bring about observers overlooking significant data that is applicable to the case being referred to. A reasonable and successful criminal equity ought not be costly to dispense upon everybody. The criminal equity framework can be expensive. Various residents can't manage the cost of legitimate portrayal. Sometimes courts have perceived the need for satisfactory lawful portrayal. Subsequently endeavors to change disparities of getting to the lawful framework have been done through Legal Aid. This offers modest lawful portrayal to people on a constrained pay. In any case, not every person is furnished with the legitimate guide. With the end goal for individuals to fit the bill for lawful guide, they have to breeze through an assessment declaring their advantages or level of pay, and a legitimacy test where matters are not kidding enough with a probability of winning (Fuller, 2005). Taking into account this issues, the criminal equity framework can't be said to be entirely successful and reasonable. The Rule of Law Questions have generally emerged on whether the criminal equity framework complies with the rule of the standard of law. Contentions have been laid that misguided judgments in regards to criminal path, and the force vested in composed wrongdoing, is the wellspring of the debasement and defilement in the criminal equity framework. This infers the framework isn't performing on the guideline of rule of law. Instead of serve the general public by ensuring the people in question and sentencing the liable, the criminal equity framework is ruled by aloof court staff and judges, wily safeguard legal advisors and litigants who menace observers. Henceforth the open trust in the criminal equity framework has been disintegrating with time. Another issue framing the contrary view originates from improper feelings. In Australia, a spate of unjust feelings has brought about specific locales sending their adjudicators to attempt courses in dodging unfair feelings (Fairchild Dammer, 2000). Components like arrogant onlookers and sham arraignment specialists have been recognized among the reasons for distorted equity. There is likewise the part of lying prison witnesses who develop admission every now and again. Maladroit legal advisors and exuberant investigators frequently risk the denounced right to preliminary. Another factor in unfair feelings is the propensity particularly in prominent cases, of the police, press and open figures looking for exposure, sentencing the charged before preliminary. Remarks on whether the criminal equity framework remains by rule of law have been abundant in banter. Some have proposed that the best way to deal with cut wrongdoing is social activity, so the criminal equity issue never comes up, on the grounds that there are no violations carried out. A magnificent case of that approach is through employment creation. Obviously the issue is that sorted out and confused or irregular wrongdoing won't be influenced by the production of employments. Groups that threaten neighborhoods have never been dazzled by make-work and bloom planting programs. Hence the issue of the criminal equity framework isn't completely tended to. Violations will proceed to occur and the criminal equity framework will even now encounter the issues in that Qualities One goal of the criminal equity framework is to lessen wrongdoing. There is no uncertainty that a wide accord is available that the essential structure of the criminal equity framework ought to stay as a transcendent component in directing criminal equity in Australia. Anyway a scope of correlative or elective methodologies can likewise be used inside a similar structure. Wrongdoing decrease can be accomplished through responsive methods. This incorporates reaction to a call for administration, capturing, getting a criminal conviction, and carrying out the punishment forced by the court (Karmen, 2009). The criminal equity framework can likewise utilize proactive methods like taking out conditions that bring about guiltiness. The previous technique for lessening wrongdoing is alluded to as wrongdoing control, and precisely depicts most of criminal equity action in Australia. The last type of wrongdoing decrease is called wrongdoing avoidance and is less underscored in many nations. The quality objective of a criminal equity framework that predominantly considers its quality is doing equity. Doing equity has two related ramifications the two of which are reflected in the blindfolded woman equity, Justitia, who holds a blade and scales and decorates a few lawful structure and town halls the country over. It is felt that the blade speaks to the main importance of equity, whose point is to consider the liable answerable for the damages and harms dispensed by them. On the off chance that a wrongdoer isn't punished by his bad behaviors, at that point equity has not been accomplished and along these lines the criminal equity framework has in itself fizzled (Reichel, 2004). This type of equity is named remedial equity just like the case with discipline or redresses. The blindfold and scales are thought to speak to reasonableness, which is the second significance of equity. Such origination of equity expect that each individual will be similarly treated according to the law. That equity will be oblivious to salary, social standing, and shading among different disparities in the public eye. Consequently equity would be missing in situations where any gathering is by one way or another singled out or left for differential treatment by the law. This type of equity is called procedural equity. The quality of the present criminal equity framework draws originates from the manner in which it fuses both restorative equity and procedural equity. The techniques of the court require each suspect to be viewed as honest until demonstrated liable by an unbiased courtroom. Therefore the framework permits the wrongdoer to be exposed to a reasonable preliminary that ought to be without out of line preferred position or outer impedance. The vital proof is assembled and witnesses benefited preceding the beginning of the preliminary. This guarantees cases are taken care of with due persistence, and that the people in question or wrongdoers are not hindered by any rushed move by the court. Furthermore, judgment in the court is passed dependent on the gathered realities or proof, not on the impulses of popular conclusion or feelings in the court (Kappeler, Potter, 2004). Thus remedial equity guarantees that the two gatherings in a contested are happy with the result of the case, since it c onsolidates a high level of decency. The job of procedural equity is to ensure parties that the preliminary is liberated from just. The different segments of the criminal equity framework for the sake of the name of the police, court and adjustment process, every has its impact. This guarantees the arrangement of a reasonable procedure of capture, hearing, and the rectification technique. Defenders of equity as a result try to make the Australian criminal equity increasingly reformatory. This is planned for accomplishing retaliation for survivors of wrongdoing and reprisal for society. Research shows that endeavors like expanded detainment, long normal sentences and more executions over the previous years, have dissolved the strategies that make the Australian criminal equity process reasonable. Shortcomings Unfair feelings have genuinely commanded the shortcoming of the criminal equity framework. At the point when people sit wrongly indicted for quite a long while, significant unnatural birth cycles of equity occurs. It is in such acts that blameless are sentenced and the liable are liberated. General supposition has likewise been considered as a part of elements that have affected the tasks of the framework (Crow Johnson, 2008). The courts are confronted with a troublesome equalization to achieve. While they are not constrained by open slant, the

What Everyone Else Does When It Comes to Thesis Papers for Sale and What You Should Do Different

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The Ethics Of Agricultural Biotechnology - 1518 Words

But, it is far from easy sailing for GM foods in light of the public concern for associated risks—risks to human and animal health; risks to biodiversity and the environment—and intermittent consumer outrage at not knowing if the breakfast of champions has had a genetic boost or not. GM foods are not labeled as such and the industry game of I ve Got a Secret has bred distrust among consumers and fuels an inherent skepticism about the safety of GM foods. Small-scale farmers could be negatively impacted by the market dominance of a few powerful seed companies. Some worry about the potential loss of traditional farming practices such as collecting, storing, and replanting seed. Although weighing risks and benefits is necessary, it is neither easy nor the sole concern in considering the ethics of agricultural biotechnology. Certainly, both human wellbeing and environmental safety are of primary concern; but our ethical obligations are not discharged solely by a guarantee of some degree of protection from harm, as important as that is. We also must be concerned with justice and the common good—raising concerns about human and environmental sustainability and the just distribution of nutritious food and acknowledging the need for thoughtful regulation that addresses necessary human and environmental protections while pursuing benefit. 4.3 Junk Food emergence The extraordinary growth of the fast food industry has been driven by fundamental changes in American society. InShow MoreRelatedSocial and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology723 Words   |  3 PagesSocial and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology Biotechnology is technology based on living organisms. It harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies or products which are immensely useful to mankind. 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Biotechnology has been used by humans to produce staple foods since the beginning of civilisation. The domestication of plants and animals and the use of microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer and wine are examples of early uses of biotechnology. Modern biotechnology involves understanding genes andRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Should Be Allowed For Preserve Their Property Rights By Patenting Such Organisms1322 Words   |  6 Pagescan very easily be c opied by competitors without a lot of reverse engineering. For such products, patent protection is often needed to provide assurances that great investments of time and effort ran be recouped down the line. For example, new biotechnology crop varieties can easily require more than a decade of effort and over $100 million in R+D costs before they are approved for commercial use.†(H SAUER. PATENTLY BIOTECH . 2013) Make a counter argument as to why such organisms should not be patentableRead MoreDustin Peacher . 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In the film, the main character tells his toddler son, â€Å"Don’t eat at McDonalds!† implying that fast food products are loaded with harmful GMO products. Public Outcry There is much controversy

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I Really Wish I Could See My Grandfather Again free essay sample

The one I really wish I could see again is, my Grandfather Michael Sauro. He was an immigrant from Italy, who was an Air Force Veteran. My Grandfather had raised a great family of five in Syracuse, New York. He was married to my magnificent Grandmother for fifty-three years. He worked up until he was seventy-four years old. My Grandfather was a unique person. Being from a foreign country is a lot different from being in America. After serving in the Air Force and being discharged in 1955 my Grandfather settled down and found an amazing woman, my Grandmother. They had five wonderful kids. I only got to see him several times, because we live in Gulfport, MS and he lived in Syracuse, NY, but when I did get to see him I enjoyed it. He didn’t talk a lot like I do, but when he spoke it had meaning. If he was still alive I would learn so much more from him with raising a family and understand the importance of being dedicated to a profession. We will write a custom essay sample on I Really Wish I Could See My Grandfather Again or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I would take after him to keep the legacy going. Everything my Grandfather did had meaning. His five children, including my dad all raised fantastic kids. My Grandfather had a remarkable life, and cherished his family and his work. He is up in heaven with my Grandmother. I could have learned so much more about my Grandfather and his accomplishments. I especially like the way he treated us. He made our bad day’s good and good days better.

Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example

Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html Relevance of Philosophy Essay Example Relevance of Philosophy Essay In this essay the challenge is to shown the relevance of philosophy to 21st century manufacturing. As philosophy is not a new concept there is a wide and defervesce range of ideas (on everything that existed and does not yet exist). The people who study philosophy and deal with such matters must have at one stage put forward some thoughts on manufacturing and even engineering in general. Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject like mathematics. Philosophy must come from some passion for the ultimate goal to be achieved: a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Many think philosophy an idle, academic pursuit, never amounting to anything of practical value. The works of ancient Greek philosophers, ask the same questions which philosophers ask today. Doesnt this mean that philosophy never gets anywhere and never accomplishes anything? Philosophy is relevant as it makes us think about where we have come from, where we are at present and where we are going to in the future. The study of philosophy is usually conducted in one of two different ways: the systematic/ topical method and the historical/ biographical method. Both of these have their strengths and weaknesses and it is often easier to avoid focusing on one to the exclusions of the other, at least whenever possible. There are many different areas of philosophy which have relevance to manufacturing and will have relevance in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Philosophy is the study of the fundamental  nature of existence, of man, and of mans relationship to existence. Some areas of study in philosophy are logic, ethics and epistemology (knowledge, ways of knowing) to name but a few important that are relevant to manufacturing. In this essay I hope to discover the link and the importance of philosophy in relation to manufacturing in the 21st century. Main body The main areas in which manufacturing are influenced by philosophy is ethics, logic and epistemology. Logic  is the study of  reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy,  mathematics engineering, and  computer science. Logic examines general forms which  arguments  may take which forms are valid, and which are fallacies. It is a type of  critical thinking. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: met ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics Knowledge is about how things work and why they work and that’s what engineering and the sciences set out to do. Manufacturing is a by product of knowledge. These areas can be viewed from many philosophical points. And the different areas which have relevance to manufacturing can be put into three main branches and several sub branches. These main three are Epistemology, Logic and Ethics and some sub branches of the three main relevant branches to manufacturing, economic, technological mathematic, social and rational argument. The relevance of philosophy to manufacturing goes back long before the industrial revolution and even further back then the roman’s but to the first philosopher Pythagoras. These topics will be discussed in more detail later. Ethics or moral philosophy This is the branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Anyone who has read Aristotle’s Ethics and has read modern moral philosophy must realise the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, far in the background, in Aristotle. Most noticeably, the term ‘moral’ itself, which we have by direct inheritance from Aristotle, just doesn’t seem to fit in its modern sense into an account of Aristotelian ethics. Aristotle distinguishes virtues as moral and intellectual. This area of philosophy is a broad area of study and is very relevant to everybody in normal day life. We take for granted the morals we live by and the morals of others, this too can be true for ethical practices that take place in manufacturing. Ethics are used by every company and business as bases for running their organisation such as fair trade, quality of product and quality of working environment. Some examples of ethics that show how important it is to consumers that companies have morals include: Fair Trade In the case of fair trade ethics has changed the way trade is done and the way people are treated in the process. In the past number of years important social changes have occurred with ethics an example of simple ethic in fair trade would be the production of coffee beans. Companies in recent years have begun to buy fairly bought produce where the producers benefit. As most of the producers are poor farmers. But because of the moral changes that have taken place in the past twenty years things have improved before the change in attitude the companies bought the product at low prices for big plantation owners and the poor suffered because of it. Quality of Product The role of ethics in quality of product we can take a very recent example and it is very much manufacturing example that of Toyota with the stricken of the accelerator pedal. The company is calling back thousands of cars for repair; this will cost a lot of money. And why its being done well the company has a moral obligation to produce a product fit for use. The ethics behind leaving defective products in us by consumers it could cause many incidences and maybe fatalities. The ethics that Toyota will abide by. Will cost the company a lot of money but may save the company on the long run. Companies who didn’t solve their problems. i. e. the car company Lancia who had a rust problem, which crippled the company in the end. And Toyota could fall a similar fate and begun bankrupt if not carful. It can be said that it is not ethics that is making Toyota recall all these cars but money. That unfortunately that is a pessimistic view and one would hope that Toyota is doing it for the right reasons over the value of reputation and money. Quality of Working Environment Quality of working environment is the final scenario. There have been many changes in the way people work and the place in which they work in as most working environment can be very dangerous places. Since the start of the industrial revolution high fatalities have occured due to machines with little or no safety aspects, have been recorded and it was due to companies disregarding safety of workers to make high profits. It may not be as big an issue today in the western world but to poorer more undeveloped countries where workers are still being neglected-ethics will play a role to improve he working environment and show manufacturing in a better light, now and in the future. Ethics is the bases of why good judgment is made so as to maintain and improve society. In a manufacturing sense morals can be a corner stone in changing work practices in industry. It can be a tool for progress in the future. The moral obligation to all is to be just and right, the phrase â€Å"Do no harm† can be an important to manufacturing and life in ge neral. Thomas Hobbes had stresses the importance of peace and security. With ethics in mind he said; there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society† And then follows the description of life under such conditions made so by repeated quotation that I refrain from quoting it still again. Where morals prevail peace can be seen. Peace and security, however, including secure property rights and the attendant opportunities to create and accumulate wealth, permit â€Å"commodious living†, which is Hobbes’s term for economic development. In the three examples it can be seen where ethics has played a part in changing the mind set of people and companies in the past few decades. It may not be ethics which was the catalyst for these changes but it is the way things are changing for the better. Hobbes had a point even if it was a bit extreme; there is room for good if people give it a chance and do the right thing. Logic Logic is the study of reasoning. And reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate. Logic is the corner stone of science and mathematics which in turn play a vital role in engineering. It is one of the oldest areas of philosophy going back to Aristotle. Along with Aristotle some key figures in the study of logic were Bertrand Russell, Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant. These men made many points on the area of logic As like ethics, logic is a wide area of study. This is important to us in our every day existence. Logic is what we use to solve from our most basic problems to the kind of problems that change the world socially, economically, technologically and mathematically to name but a few ways. Logic can be broken down into two parts inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is where a set of facts are given and from those facts a conclusion can be got from it an example of this in is a jigsaw puzzle all the parts are there but the pieces must be put together to see the full picture. On the other hand deductive reasoning is quiet different while inductive reasoning all the pieces are to be seen at once deductive reasoning gets it answer on a logical sequence of events, example of deductive reasoning is where a problem is set out but there is only one piece of information to work on and from that another piece of information is discovered until a logical sequence is established and an answer is reached like a detective solves a crime. Logic is the tool to solve any problem or argument which may arise by using the types of reasoning. And with this in mind logic will play a part in the future of manufacturing because without the use of logic the problems of the future won’t be solved and manufacturing will not progress. Epistemology Philosophy is largely based on known knowledge and epistemology is a study of knowledge. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge and lesser grades of conviction, Descartes writes: â€Å"I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. † [Stanford, 2010] According to Bertrand Russell in regards to Epistemology, he says â€Å"we could be familiar with objects in two ways: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. He also thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data and that everything else we had to know through reasoning. It set out to answer â€Å"what distinguishes true (adequate)  knowledge  from false (inadequate) knowledge? This question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories. There is many areas which knowledge can be broken down into these main areas are Ratio nalism, Scepticism Rational Knowledge Rationalism Mathematics and geometry are examples of abstract truths which are known with certainty, even though the physical illustrations of these truths may vary. An early example was the Greek philosopher Plato who stated that ideas have an existence independent of human minds. These independently-existing ideas are the only reality in the universe since they are absolute and unchanging. Valid knowledge comes then when the mind grasps these ideas. Another famous philosopher was the Frenchman Rene Descartes who went through a period of scepticism in his life and then came to the conclusion that only ideas which were clear and distinct to the mind represented valid knowledge â€Å"Objections to Rationalism: . There is no agreement among philosophers or cultures about so-called self-evident ideas. Supposedly self-evident ideas have often been rejected at later times in history. 2. Self-evident ideas provide no knowledge about the world. Though sense experience may not be certain, it provides us with information which is as reliable as we need. The fact that a belief is not absolutely certain should not disqualify it for knowledge. Why not say t hat something is  known  as long as there is no good reason to doubt it? Of course, that might mean that occasionally we would have to admit that what we thought we knew was something that we really didnt know. So what? † [tamu, 2010] Scepticism This is the view that questions whether valid or reliable knowledge is ever attainable by a human being. Some sceptics stated that nothing can be known. Other sceptics stated that they did not know whether knowledge was possible; they suspended judgment on the issue. Some of the common examples used by sceptics are the illusions and deceptions of our senses. Others point to the complexity of any experience and ask how you can know what is the essence or real nature of the things you are experiencing. Empiricism This is the view that valid knowledge comes only through the five senses. Aristotle held the view that whatever was in the mind was first in the senses. Rene Descartes  (1596-1650) He claims, unless we know first whether our belief itself is justified. To determine whether our beliefs are justified, we have to be able to trace them back to a statement, belief, or proposition that cannot be doubted. Such a proposition could provide the firm foundation on which all subsequent beliefs could be grounded; it would guarantee that all subsequent claims based on it would be true. In order to identify an ultimate principle of truth on which all other knowledge can be based, Descartes develops a method that suspends our confidence in what we have been taught, what our senses tell us, what we think is obviousin short, in regard to everything we know. In order to determine whether there is anything we can know with certainty, he says that we first have to doubt everything we know. Such a radical doubt might not seem reasonable, and Descartes certainly does not mean that we  really  should doubt everything. What he suggests is that, in order to see if there is some belief that cannot be doubted, we should temporarily pretend that everything we know is questionable. Since sense experience is sometimes deceiving, it is obvious to Descartes that  a posteriori  claims (e. g. , that this milk tastes sour or that suit is dark blue) cannot be the basis for claims of knowledge. We do not know that what we experience through our senses is true; at least, we are not certain of it. So the best thing to do is to doubt our senses. Likewise, we cannot be sure that we really have bodies or that our experience of the world in general can be trusted; after all, we might be dreaming the whole thing. Next, we cannot even be sure that mathematical propositions such as 2+3=5 or that triangles always have three sides are true because some evil power might be deceiving us to think such things, when it is possible that even propositions that seem evident to us as true might themselves be really false. But even if an evil genie deceives us about all other beliefs, there is one belief that we cannot be mistaken about, and that is that we are thinking. Even to doubt this is to affirm it. Thinking proves that we exist (at least as minds or thinking things, regardless of whether we have bodies). The body is not an essential part of the self because we can doubt its existence in a way that we cannot doubt the existence of the mind. We have a great inclination to believe that there are physical objects that are external to the mind. But since only those objects known in terms of mathematical propertiesnot those imagined by use of the sensescan be known clearly and distinctly, the only knowledge we can have of such objects is in terms of mathematical, quantifiable physics. The only real knowledge we can have, then, is of things understood as functions of laws of physics. The objects we  see  are not the objects we  know, because what we know is intelligible only in terms of the clarity and precision of the formulae of physics. Information provided by the senses cannot therefore be the basis of knowledge. [tamu, 2010] Kant Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the form and matter epistemology. A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind,  and matter which are the data of sensatio ns. You need both of these to have knowledge. It is similar to wearing rose-colored glasses. You have visual sensations and they are coloured by the glasses. Of course with the mind you cannot take of your glasses. Knowledge is an incredibility powerful tool which has created great nations and pushed the boundaries of science and technology to new areas. The quotation from Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) said that â€Å"knowledge is power† and that has always been the case since the dawn of civilisation, knowledge has been a part of every major advancement. Knowledge has a big part to play in manufacturing, it is an integral part of all advancement without the constant need for knowledge through research and other means it would be impossible to make major achievement. The different areas which have been discussed can be seen as different way we can go about solving difficult situation and problems. Manufacturing will need to conform to these different methods of thinking in the future. Conclusion Philosophy can be shown to have many areas some of which have been covered throughout this essay. The areas which have been covered are relevant to manufacturing in ways that show philosophy as a key component to running a lucrative and sustainable operating line. Philosophy has a lot of points to make; its relevance to manufacturing can be used as a tool for advancement in the future in areas such as Ethics * Companies treatment of small producers * Quality of products produced for consumers * The working environment Ethics has a role to play in changing these for the better and will have a maintaining a standard in future productions, especially in third world countries where companies have taken advantage of their workers yet do not pay a moral price. Logic The study of reasoning logic can be found at the core of engineering and manufacturing in general. It is a corner stone in which there are couple of ways of resolving a problem. The two main types are * Inductive * Deductive These two methods of solving apply to certain manufacturing dilemmas depending on the individual situation. A logical sequence of steps to gain the solution in which a process i. e. a production line is established by taking the correct logical sequence for the line to work effectively. Logic has a vital role in the way manufacturing process are carried out, without which there would be ciaos, void of efficiency, continuity and general order. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge and the ways of knowing. It schools of thought from which theories have sprung can be divided in the categories. * Rationalism The view of using absolute truth which is known with certainty is rationalism. Breaking knowledge down into its simplified core elements to revel the truth. * Scepticism This is seen where a theory is put forward and is then questioned. Many theorists maintain that some knowledge can never been known in its entirety or factually. It is questioning until a hypothesis or theory is validated to their satisfaction. * Empiricism Using the five senses to gain knowledge, most natural form of collection of information as we do it every day unknowingly. In the future the ideas and views of philosophy will have a significant part to play in manufacturing and engineering in general. As it has had an important role to play in the past. Manufacturing can be broken down into many different areas and this is due to philosophy and the thinking required by the different schools of thought in the related areas. As all area have a knock on effect on each other, i. e. logic can change the methodology significantly. We now realise the importance of philosophy in every day manufacturing although it might not appear obvious but under the surface of manufacturing processes is detrimental to efficient, cost effective, and ethic practices in the work place. References [Stanford, 2010] http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ [tamu, 2010] http://philosophy. tamu. edu/~sdaniel/Notes/96class15. html

Man versus machine essays

Man versus machine essays Compare and Contrast North Indian Classical music to Western classical music Western Classical music is renowned for its perceptual grouping processes, basic standard format and easy recognition due to such musical dimensions as pitch, duration, ornamentation and timbre. Western classical music represents a chronological period, in succession to the Baroque period, and we can easily associate certain composers to that era based on their musical style and compositional techniques. The foremost concept of Indian Classical music is that of the Raag, meaning colour and passion. The focus of these Raags are not of melody and harmony, but of musical ability and the creation of a timbre appropriate to its usage- with the aim of sending its listener into a mesmerised trance. The central idea of the Raag is purity. The musician is tightly constrained within the strict boundaries of rules that ultimately define whether the piece is Classical or not. Structure is a highly regarded element of Indian Classical music. Every Raag must follow a set pattern, which determines not only the instrumentation at each point, but the regulations to how the instrument is played, the usage of improvisation, accompaniment and the texture. Each Raag is based on a Swar (the notes of that particular scale) and Jati (the number of notes used. They are played both in arohana and avarohana forms (ascending/ descending manner) dependent on the section of the Raag. An example of the typical structure of a Raag is as follows; from RAAG BHIRAV Firstly there is the Allap which is a slow meditative section in free time, used to initiate the mood and explore the notes of the chosen Raag. Each note is introduced independently, allowing the listener to appreciate their value. The Allap may span several hours dependent on the performers ability. The next two sections are the Jor...

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Jorge Luis Borges and hes great love for Argentina - Essay Example The brilliance of Jorge Luis Borges the author came into existence as a result of a number of factors, including his genealogy, his early life experiences, his exposure to Spanish and English at a very young age, his family’s trips to Europe and most importantly, his paternal grandmother. All these things served to shape the man who, with his erudite creativity, created masterpieces which, till date, are read and praised by people all over the world. Although he wrote and compiled numerous short stories and poems, and received accolades for his prose, Borges started off his literary career with a collection of poems titles Fervor de Buenos Aires. The collection, literally translated to mean Passion for Buenos Aires, is an acute reflection of the love and sentiment the poet has for his homeland. The work was not only significant in its content, but had great emotional value for Borges too. In his autobiographical essay, Borges claimed that throughout his literary career, he fel t he had never moved beyond his first creation. In his own words, â€Å"I feel that all my subsequent writing has only developed themes first taken up there; I feel that all during my lifetime I have been rewriting that one book.† (Lovecraft, 199) These words aptly reveal the impact the work had on Borges. Through the analysis of Fervor de Buenos Aires, the love of Jorge Luis Borges for his country Argentina can be discovered in greater insight. Borges deep attachment to his country can be explained in the events that preceded the publishing of Fervor de Buenos Aires. Born in Buenos Aires, he was raised in a suburban district located on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. He grew up in a household that was unique for the time – both English and Spanish were spoken fluently in the family. His father had a sprawling library of English books, and Borges had read great English literary masterpieces at a very young age. As a young boy, he was not